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Variable typing is used to assign a number to a variable and the same variable can be assigned to a string. Example. i = . How can you convert the string of any base to integer in Java. Script? The parse. Int() function is used to convert numbers between different bases. Explain the difference between . What would be the result of 3+2+”7. And since 7 is a string, its concatenation will be done. So the result would be 5. What do mean by NULL in Javascript? The NULL value is used to represent no value or no object. What is the function of delete operator? The functionality of delete operator is used to delete all variables and objects in a program but it cannot delete variables declared with VAR keyword. What is an undefined value in Java. Script? Undefined value means the. Variable used in the code doesn. What are all the types of Pop up boxes available in Java. Script? 3. 2. What is the use of Void(0)? Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing and parameter “zero” is passed while calling. Void(0) is used to call another method without refreshing the page. How can a page be forced to load another page in Java. Script? The following code has to be inserted to achieve the desired effect. What is the data type of variables of in Java. Script? All variables in the Java. Script are object data types. What is the difference between an alert box and a confirmation box? An alert box displays only one button which is the OK button. But a Confirmation box displays two buttons namely OK and cancel. What are escape characters? Escape characters (Backslash) is used when working with special characters like single quotes, double quotes, apostrophes and ampersands. Place backslash before the characters to make it display. Example. document. What are Java. Script Cookies? Cookies are the small test files stored in a computer and it gets created when the user visits the websites to store information that they need. Example could be User Name details and shopping cart information from the previous visits. The array on which is called is then altered. Example: var cloths = . Whether Java. Script has concept level scope? No. Java. Script does not have concept level scope. The variable declared inside the function has scope inside the function. What is break and continue statements? Break statement exits from the current loop. Continue statement continues with next statement of the loop. What are the two basic groups of dataypes in Java. Script? They are as . Reference types are more complex types like strings and dates. How generic objects can be created? Generic objects can be created as. I = new object(); 4. What is the use of type of operator? Which keywords are used to handle exceptions? Try. Which keyword is used to print the text in the screen? What is the use of blur function? Blur function is used to remove the focus from the specified object. What is variable typing? Variable typing is used to assign a number to a variable and then assign string to the same variable. Example is as follows. How to find operating system in the client machine using Java. Script? The. What are the different types of errors in Java. Script? There are three types of errors: Load time errors: Errors which come up when loading a web page like improper syntax errors are known as Load time errors and it generates the errors dynamically. Run time errors: Errors that come due to misuse of the command inside the HTML language. Logical Errors: These are the errors that occur due to the bad logic performed on a function which is having different operation. What is the use of Push method in Java. Script? The push method is used to add or append one or more elements to the end of an Array. Using this method, we can append multiple elements by passing multiple arguments. What is unshift method in Java. Script? Unshift method is like push method which works at the beginning of the array. What is the difference between Java. Script and Jscript? Both are almost similar. Java. Script is developed by Netscape and Jscript was developed by Microsoft . How are object properties assigned? Properties are assigned to objects in the following way –. Under the strict mode, Java. Script shows errors for a piece of codes, which did not show an error before, but might be problematic and potentially unsafe. Strict mode also solves some mistakes that hamper the Java. Script engines to work efficiently. Strict mode can be enabled by adding the string literal . This can be illustrated by the given example. What is the way to get the status of a Check. Box? The status can be acquired as follows –alert(document. Element. By. Id(. How can the OS of the client machine be detected? The navigator. app. Version string can be used to detect the operating system on the client machine. Explain window. onload and on. Document. Ready? The onload function is not run until all the information on the page is loaded. This leads to a substantial delay before any code is executed. Document. Ready loads the code just after the DOM is loaded. This allows early manipulation of the code. How will you explain closures in Java. Script? When are they used? Closure is a locally declared variable related to a function which stays in memory when the function has returned. For example. function greet(message) ! How can a value be appended to an array? A value can be appended to an array in the given manner –arr. Explain the for- in loop? The for- in loop is used to loop through the properties of an object. The syntax for the for- in loop is –. Describe the properties of an anonymous function in Java. Script? A function that is declared without any named identifier is known as an anonymous function. In general, an anonymous function is inaccessible after its declaration. Anonymous function declaration –. What is the difference between . The function . call() and . On the other hand, . The function . apply() expects the argument to be an array. The basic difference between . Their usage can be illustrated by the given example. Define event bubbling? Java. Script allows DOM elements to be nested inside each other. In such a case, if the handler of the child is clicked, the handler of parent will also work as if it were clicked too. Is Java. Script case sensitive? For example, a function parse. Int is not same as the function Parseint. What boolean operators can be used in Java. Script? The . How can a particular frame be targeted, from a hyperlink, in Java. Script? This can be done by including the name of the required frame in the hyperlink using the . 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College offers award-winning precollege academic programs for motivated high school. Discover NSLC\'s exclusive pre college summer programs that help exceptional high school students. Medicine & Health. Emory University School of Medicine SOM Summer. The Summer Science Academy Day Program is a two week science. Daylighting Design - Activity - www. Summary. Students explore the many different ways that engineers provide natural lighting to interior spaces. They analyze various methods of daylighting by constructing model houses from foam core board and simulating the sun with a desk lamp. Teams design a daylighting system for their model houses based on their observations and calculations of the optimal use of available sunlight to their structure. Engineers often use physical models to analyze daylighting performance. By creating designs that incorporate daylighting techniques; natural light can be supplied to interior spaces during the part of the day it is needed most. This reduces the amount of artificial light required and creates a more pleasant atmosphere proven to increase occupants' overall well being and productivity.
Rogue Valley Weather and Climate Modified from program by. Solar Path Chart – University of Oregon’s Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association. Students should concurrently be taking Algebra 1 in order to complete the worksheet calculations. The space might seem safe, but you might start to desire natural light after a while. It is usually more aesthetically pleasing to have windows in a building or home to let some natural light into the space. Daylighting or using natural sunlight to light a space, is one design strategy used by engineers to increase the appeal of a space, as well as increase the energy efficiency of lighting and heating. That's because sunlight is cheaper than electricity! Have you ever noticed a difference in the quality of natural daylight on sunny days right after it snows? Because the ground is covered in a layer of white snow, it reflects sunlight into interior spaces through windows. The angle that this light enters through our windows disperses it indirectly across the ceiling, and reflects it back to the rest of the space. This is the same principle upon which a daylighting technology called light shelves is based. Light shelves reflect sunlight onto the interior ceiling while shading other surfaces that can cause glare. Light shelves are just one of many daylighting techniques incorporated by engineers into the lighting design of a structure. They also use skylights and solar tubes to bring in a great deal of natural light from the outdoors. By incorporating daylighting techniques with adaptable functionality, engineers make optimal use of the sun no matter what season it is or at what angle sunlight is coming in. Using their knowledge of optics, they design solar tubes that capture incoming sunlight through a dome lens, and reflect and disperse the captured light into the interior of a space. This technique often lights up an entire room without the help of artificial light! By studying the path of the sun, they are able to gain information to use for window placement and design of light shelves. Effective daylighting designs successfully incorporate the 4. In fact, numerous studies have found that daylighting increases employee productivity in the workplace, as well as student performance at school. The human eye works better with adequate lighting of all surrounding objects and daylighting can increase the amount of natural light in a space. Daylighting can also significantly reduce the incidence of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in humans, while promoting a better overall sense of well being, which can lead to an increase in people's health and productivity. Considering all the benefits of daylighting, it is hard to imagine any reason not to spend some time and effort designing an optimal daylighting system for any home or building. Upper wall windows placed to admit significant amounts of natural light while reflecting and dispersing it throughout the space. Measured in Lux (lx), or lumens per square meter (lm/m. It is composed of photons. Also called visible light. A horizontal shelf positioned (usually above eye level) to reflect daylight onto the ceiling and shield direct glare from the sky. If a normal wax candle is positioned at the center of a sphere of 1m radius, then every area of 1m. A roof window that lets in natural light to illuminate a room. A tube or pipe used for pulling daylight through a dome lens, reflecting it through, and then dispersing it in a multitude of angles throughout an interior space. Also called a light tube. See definitions in the Vocabulary section, as well as more information below. Psychological Effects of Daylighting. Solar Energy March 5, 2009 ME 496ALT Alternative Energy 2 2. Building Sun Path Generated from program located at. This chart is copyrighted by the University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory. Exposure to natural light is an important aspect of healthy living. In fact, daylight triggers the release of the chemical serotonin within the human eye; serotonin is essential for our emotional well- being. Also, healthy levels of serotonin often lead to higher levels of attention and alertness. Minimal exposure to daylight can often lead to mood disorders such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). In addition to the benefits of visible natural light, ultraviolet radiation from the sun creates Vitamin D through our skin, providing myriad health benefits. Solar Tubes. Installed between the roof and interior ceiling, solar tubes capture daylight, refract and reflect it through a tube, and disperse the light to an interior space using a diffuser. The exposed portion on the roof consists of a dome that collects and refracts as much sunlight as possible from as many different directions as possible. The tube itself is lined with a highly reflective material to help light travel through with minimal loss. At the other end of the tube, the light passes through a diffuser that disperses it throughout the interior space. How light shelves work: (left) In a room with big windows and a light shelf, (1) the light shelf shades the space near the big window from glaring direct light, and reflects indirect (non- glare) daylight into the space to broadly illuminate the room. Carlson, ITL Program, University of Colorado Boulder, using Microsoft clipart, 2. Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 9. USA. All rights reserved, and (right) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory http: //windows. Light Shelves. Light shelves are (sometimes adjustable) reflectors installed on windows on the equator- facing side of a structure. They use a reflective metal or white surface to reflect daylight directly onto the ceiling of an interior space, resulting in a large amount of natural light supplied to the entire space by being dispersed onto the ceiling. A natural light shelf is created in the winter when sunlight is reflected off snow- covered ground and into the structure. Daylighting examples: (left) Clerestory windows and ample side windows provide excellent lighting and views for a work space. All rights reserved. Clerestory Windows. Clerestory windows are narrow windows located on the upper walls of an interior space. They provide a direct light path to the polar- side and allow for a significant amount of natural light when oriented correctly. On the inside, surrounding the windows with light- colored walls helps to diffuse the light more evenly. Skylights. A skylight is simply a window cut into the roof of a structure, with a flat, dome- or pyramidal- shaped exterior casing. Skylights admit a great deal of natural light into an interior space, but have some drawbacks, such as heat loss /gain, condensation, and potential for water and ventilation leakage. Care must be taken to address these issues during installation, otherwise the skylight could cost more than it is worth, and thereby decrease overall energy efficiency. Solar Geometry. Everywhere on the planet, the tilt of the Earth on its axis and your location relative to the equator result in sun paths that change throughout the year. To maximize daylighting, the orientation of the building and position of the sun must be considered when deciding exactly where to place windows. Then, to design any type of system that relies on solar radiation, it is important to take into consideration the seasonal and hourly changes in position of the sun, which directly influence the incident angle of sunlight, and if possible, incorporate a system that can adjust to the position of the sun. Modeling daylighting: (left) A small model of an office space with a venetian blind (right) is rotated relative to a fixed sun source, enabling engineers to make measurements that can be used to predict interior illuminance levels for any sun and sky conditions. Copyright . Even simple models can provide information on how daylight will behave in a building. The best results come from models that are detailed and accurate in their daylight openings and material reflectance. They may be tested on the actual site or with artificial laboratory lighting that can simulate light angles during different times of the year. Engineers also create and use computer simulation models to test daylighting solutions by using 3- D digital models made with CAD (computer- aided design) software applications. Many of these programs produce realistic renderings of the proposed daylighting design. Before Activity. With the Students. Discuss daylighting techniques used in various types of architecture, such as windows, solar tubes, light shelves, clerestory windows and skylights. Explain the importance of solar geometry in designing the daylighting system for the house. Refer to the Solar Azimuth vs. Elevation Plot Handout, as appropriate. Refer to the Solar Geometry Handout for a more detailed explanation. Divide the class into groups of two or three students each. Give each group a worksheet and two handouts. Have the groups follow along with Part 1 of their worksheets to design their model houses. Have students incorporate one or many forms of daylighting into their design (Part 2 on the worksheet). Have students gather all materials as specified in their model house designs. Have students build their designed model house. Refer to the example model house procedure, below. Motions of the Sun Simulator - Motions of the Sun. NAAP Astronomy Labs - Motions of the Sun - Motions of the Sun Simulator. |
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